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極端微生物：生活在極端環境
2010-06-18 14:25 回應留言 💬 | |
極端微生物：生活在極端環境
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極端微生物：生活在極端環境
Tardigrades, also called 'water bears', are resilient organsisms that are able to withstand high pressures, freezing and vacuum exposure. 緩步動物，也被稱為'水熊，彈性organsisms是那些能夠承受高壓力，凍結和真空接觸。 Courtesy Global Diversity 禮貌全球多樣性
Imagine dwelling in a cave miles below the surface of the Earth with no oxygen to breath, or surviving in puddles of sulphuric acid, or living in the superheated waters of submarine volcanic vents or the bitter cold of the Antarctic Dry Valleys. 想像一下，住在一個山洞裡以下的地球表面沒有氧氣呼吸，或尚存在水坑硫酸，或生活在過熱水域海底火山噴口或者嚴寒的南極幹河谷。 While the prospect of human survival in these environments is practically inconceivable, organisms called extremophiles ? have evolved to survive under these adverse conditions. 雖然人類生存的前景在這些環境中幾乎是不可想像的，稱為極端微生物的生物？已經發展到這些不利條件下生存。
The fact that communities of microbes are happily thriving in extreme environments on Earth has served to expand the traditional notions of where life can exist on our planet and in the universe. 事實上，社區是快樂的微生物在極端環境下蓬勃地球上曾擔任的傳統觀念，以擴大在哪裡生活也存在於我們的星球和宇宙。 Because of the nature of the chemistry which is the basis of human life, there are certain limitations to where we can survive. 由於化學性質，這是人類生活的基礎上，有一定的限制，我們才能生存下去。 These limitations include the presence of oxygen, the boiling and freezing points of water and low toleration of acidity and alkalinity ? extremes. 這些限制包括對氧的存在，沸點和凝固點，低水的酸度和鹼度容忍？極端。 However, just because humans can't survive beyond these constraints doesn't mean that other life forms are similarly limited by these boundaries. 然而，就因為人類無法生存超越這些限制並不意味著其他生命形式也同樣限制了這些界限。
The giant tube worm lives around hydrothermal vents. 巨型管蟲熱液噴口周圍的生命。 Scientists once believed that no living thing could survive the combination of toxic chemicals, high temperatures, high pressures, and total darkness at these vents. 科學家們曾經認為，沒有生命的東西能夠生存的組合，有毒化學品，高溫，高壓，黑暗，總在這些噴口。 Courtesy J. Battista 禮貌j的巴蒂斯塔
One example of a particularly hardy life form that is able to withstand extreme temperatures are creatures called tardigrades ? (more affectionately referred to as 'water bears' because of their uncanny resemblance to a microscopic bear). 其中一種特別hardy中的生命形式，它能夠承受極端的溫度稱為緩步動物的生物？ （更親切地稱為'水熊'，因為他們不可思議的相似之處微觀熊）。 Water bears are tiny multicellular organisms which are remarkably resilient when they are in a 'tun' ? , a state of suspended animation in which the water bears become almost totally dehydrated. 水熊是一種微型多細胞生物體是非常有彈性的時候，他們正處於'墩' ？ ，一個國家的假死，其中水熊成為幾乎完全脫水。 In 'tun' form, water bears are able to withstand high pressures, freezing and vacuum exposure. 在'墩'的形式，水熊能夠承受高壓力，凍結和真空接觸。
At the other extreme (corny pun intended) are the organisms which have adapted to living in deep-sea volcanic vents, where temperatures exceed 700 degrees and where the water is a toxic mixture of metals. 在另一個極端（老生常談雙關語意）是生物體已適應生活在深海火山口，那裡的溫度超過700度，那裡的水是一種有毒的混合金屬。 These vents on the bottom of the ocean are located on seams where tectonic plates are shifting. 這些噴口在底部的海洋位於板塊接縫的地方正在改變。 As the water in these vents heats up from the molten rock below, it dissolves a multitude of chemicals ranging from mercury to gold. 由於這些水從噴口加熱熔化的岩石下面，它溶解1化學品從多種汞金牌。 When the heated water collides with the surrounding cold water, the chemicals precipitate, forming the black 'smoke' that is characteristic of these hydrothermal vents. 當加熱水的碰撞與周圍冷水，沉澱的化學品，形成黑色的'煙霧'就是這些特徵熱液噴口。 Although these noxious waters seem inhospitable to life, they in fact support a variety of life forms who are nourished by the metallic 'smoke'. 雖然這些有毒水域似乎不適合居住的生活，它們實際上支持各種形式的生命誰是營養的金屬'煙霧'。 Bathymodiolus mussels are an example of such a life form. Bathymodiolus貽貝是一個例子，這種生命形式。 These mussels are actually damaged by the poisonous environment they inhabit, yet they are able to continuously repair their own DNA, an ability that scientists predict could lend insight into techniques for extending human life spans. 貽貝是這些實際上是損害了他們所居住的環境有毒，但他們能夠不斷修復自己的DNA，科學家們預測的能力可以借給洞察技術延長人的壽命。 The vents are also home to bacteria who derive energy from the chemical reactions occuring there. 該通風口的服務，也是細菌誰獲得的能量從那裡發生化學反應。
Extremophiles in Industry 極端微生物在工業
While the search for life in extreme environments on Earth is primarily fueled by curiosity and the desire for knowledge, the information gathered from researching life in these environments also has applications in industry. 雖然尋找生活在極端環境下地球上主要是得益於好奇心和對知識的渴望，而從研究生活在這些環境中也有應用在工業上。
For example, the bacteria pictured above (photo courtesy J. Battista) are able to withstand high doses of radiation. 例如，上面的細菌圖（照片提供j的巴蒂斯塔）能夠承受高劑量的輻射。 If scientists could identify the exact physiological and biochemical characteristics that permit these bacteria to survive in this hostile environment, they might be able to genetically modify other organisms to have the same abilities. 如果科學家能夠找到確切的生理生化特性，允許這些細菌生存在如此惡劣的環境中，他們或許能夠修改其他生物的基因具有相同的能力。
Life has evolved to fill every possible niche ? on Earth. 生活已經演變為填補一切可能的利基？地球上。 Environments that were once shunned as being too extreme for life have, upon closer inspection, been revealed to support a menagerie of organisms. 環境一度被認為過於極端迴避生活的，經仔細檢查，發現支持了一個動物園的有機體。 The search for life in harsh environments on Earth has opened up the eyes of scientists to the incredible range of conditions in which living things can exist. 搜索的生活在惡劣的環境中開闢了地球上的科學家們的眼中不可思議的範圍條件，使生物可以存在。 Life is tenacious and downright stubborn when it comes to survival. 生命是堅韌和倔強，當談到徹頭徹尾的生存。 On Earth, wherever there is a source of energy and certain essential chemicals, there is likely to be life. 在地球上，只要有一個能源的來源和某些基本化學品，有可能是生命。
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Life has evolved to fill every possible niche on Earth. 生活已經演變為填補地球上每一個可能的優勢。 Environments that were once shunned as being too extreme for life have, upon closer inspection, been revealed to support a menagerie of organisms. 環境一度被認為過於極端迴避生活的，經仔細檢查，發現支持了一個動物園的有機體。
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Since life has prospered in nearly every possible niche on Earth, there is a good chance that the same would hold true with other planets in the universe. 由於生活的繁榮進步，幾乎每一個可能的優勢在地球上，有一個很好的機會，同樣將秉承與其他行星在宇宙中。 Dr. Penelope Boston, a microbiologist who studies life in extreme environment, says that, “when we look at our own planet's most challenging environments, we are really looking for clues to what may be the normal conditions on other planets. 佩內洛普波士頓博士，研究的微生物學家誰生活在極端的環境，他說，“當我們看到我們自己的星球上最具挑戰性的環境中，我們真正需要的線索，這也許是正常情況下在其他行星。 We want a hint of what we may be searching for when we investigate those other worlds for signs of life”. We interviewed Dr. Penelope Boston about her work with extremophiles and the possibility of life on Mars. 我們要一個暗示什麼，我們可能尋找當我們調查的其他世界的生命的跡象。“ 我們採訪了佩內洛普波士頓博士對她的工作與極端微生物和火星上的生命的可能性。
Certain environments on Earth mimic the features of other planets in our solar system. 地球上的某些環境的特點模仿其他行星在我們太陽系。 For example, the Antarctic Dry Valleys may represent the conditions on Mars and the oceans of Europa could support life forms similar to those which inhabit the hydrothermal vents in oceans on Earth. 例如，南極幹谷的條件可能是在火星和海洋的木衛二能夠支持生命形式類似於那些棲息在海洋熱液噴口地球上。 By studying the wide variety of eclectic life forms on Earth, scientists will be all the more prepared to recognize strange life forms on other planets. 通過研究各種各樣的地球上的生命形式不拘一格，科學家將更加願意承認奇怪的其他行星上的生命形式。
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